Tuesday, December 1, 2009

7 Years of AKP Rule

http://www.majalla.com/en/cover_story/article11110.ece

The rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a party rooted in Turkey’s Islamist opposition, to government in 2002 introduced new social, political, and foreign policy winds across the Turkish society. After seven years of AKP rule, the Anatolian Turks are bending over to the power of the AKP, orthopraxy and the Islamist mindset in foreign policy are taking hold. Where is Turkey heading under the AKP, and what are the lessons that can be drawn from the AKP experience?

The Anatolian landscape is dotted by a tall slender tree in the aspen family, known to the Turks as kavak. This is a fragile-looking but sturdy tree, so when the harsh Anatolian wind blows across the steppe, kavak can bend at incredible angles, adjusting to the power of the wind, and somehow not break. Turkey is like the Anatolian kavak. The country has come to bend with the powerful political, social and foreign policy choices that its elites have ushered in over the ages, bowing to the power of the Anatolian winds. Ever since the sultans started to Westernize the Ottoman Empire in the 1770’s, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk continued these reforms making Turkey a secular republic in the 1920’s, and the various political parties of the Turkish democracy in the twentieth century cast their dice with the West, the Turks have adopted a pro-Western stance in foreign policy, embraced secular democracy at home, and marched towards the European Union (EU).

This is changing. The rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), a party rooted in Turkey’s Islamist opposition, to government in 2002 introduced new social, political, and foreign policy winds across the Turkish society. These forces include solidarity with Islamist and anti-Western countries in foreign policy and orthopraxy in the public space, promoting outward displays of homogenous religious practice and social conservatism, though not necessarily directed by faith. After seven years of AKP rule, the Anatolian Turks are bending over to the power of the AKP, orthopraxy and the Islamist mindset in foreign policy are taking hold. According to a recent poll by TESEV, an Istanbul-based NGO, the number of people identifying themselves as Muslim increased by ten percent between 2002 and 2007; in addition, almost half of those surveyed describe themselves as Islamist. Moreover, orthopraxy seems to have become internalized: bureaucrats in Ankara now feel compelled to attend prayers lest they be bypassed for promotions. Public display of religious observance, often devoid of faith, has become a necessity for those seeking government appointments or lucrative state contracts. Where is Turkey heading under the AKP, and what are the lessons that can be drawn from the AKP experience?

The Rise and Demise of Moderate Islamism

The AKP has roots in Turkey’s Islamist movement, including the Welfare Party (RP), the mother ship of Turkish Islamism. The AKP’s founders, including party leader and Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, cut their teeth in the RP, an explicitly Islamist party, which featured strong anti-Western, anti-Semitic, anti-democratic, and anti-secular elements. The RP joined a coalition government in 1997 before alienating the secular Turkish military, the courts, and the West, leading it to being banned in 1998. Yet the party never truly disappeared. Erdogan and his comrades drew a lesson from this experience; the Turkish Islamists would be better served to reinvent themselves in order to be successful. In due course, Erdogan re-created the party with a pro-American, pro-EU, capitalist and reformist image.

When the AKP came to power in 2002, after taking advantage of the implosion of the country’s centrist parties in the 2001 economic crisis, it tried to reassure the moderates’ concerns it might chip away at the country's secular, democratic and pro-Western values. The AKP renounced its Islamist heritage and began working instead to secure EU membership and to turn Turkey into an even more liberal and pro-Western place. At the time, few thought that the party could transform Turkey for the worse. After all, Turkey had been a multi-party democracy since 1946; it had a vigorous free media, secular courts, a large business class, and a strong army, all deemed to be guardians of Western values. What is more, the United States support for the secular, Western Turkey and the EU process were viewed as the fail-safes of Turkish liberalization process that would entice the AKP to maintain its pro-West stance and reform path.

The AKP indeed promoted reforms, pro-business and pro-EU policies after coming to power. However, soon the party’s transformation appeared to be a cynical one. The AKP began to undermine the liberal values it supposedly stood for. For instance, it began to hire top bureaucrats from an exclusive pool of practicing, religious conservatives. Concurrently, the percentage of women in executive positions in government dropped. In years past, Turkish women served as chief justice, prime minister, and ministers of the Interior and Foreign Affairs. Some 30 percent of Turkey's doctors and 33 percent of its lawyers are women. Yet under the AKP, women are largely excluded from decision-making positions in government: there is not a single woman among the 19 ministerial undersecretaries appointed by the AKP. Moreover, whereas in 1994, the percentage of women in executive positions in government was 15.1 percent, according to IRIS, an Ankara-based women's rights group, today this statistic is at 11.8 percent.

The AKP’s lacking commitment to liberal values is a testimony to the party’s tactical view of EU membership: the AKP pushes for EU membership when it brings the party public approval, but not to make Turkey truly European. The nail in the coffin for the AKP’s EU tactical drive came in 2005, when the European Court of Human Rights upheld Turkey's old ban on Islamic headscarves (known in Turkish as turban) on college campuses. The AKP had hoped Europe might help recalibrate Turkish secularism into a more tolerant form. But this wasn't in the cards. Thus, as soon as actual talks of EU membership began in 2005, the AKP became reluctant to take on tough, potentially unpopular reforms mandated by the EU, making accession seem less and less a likely. Statements such as Erdogan's calling the West "immoral" in 2008 only eroded popular support for EU membership: by last year, about one-third of the population wanted their country to join the EU, down sharply from more than 80 percent in 2002, when the AKP first came to power.

Efforts by secular Turkish institutions to curb the AKP have backfired. In 2007, the secular opposition and the military, which issued a declaration against the AKP on its website in spring that year, attempted to block the AKP from electing its own presidential candidate, Abdullah Gul. The AKP successfully challenged the claim, suggesting that the secular opposition and the military did not want Gul to run because of his personal religious views. The AKP thereby created a secular-vs.-Muslim divide, in lieu of Turkey’s traditional Islamist-vs.-secular political divide along whose fault line it had always lost in the past. The party successfully positioned itself on the winning Muslim side of the new fault line. Additionally, when the Turkish Constitutional Courttried to prevent the AKP from appointing Gul as president, the AKP cast itself as the underdog representative of Turkey's poor Muslim masses. The two strategies worked: the AKP won 47 percent of the vote in the July 2007 parliamentary elections, defeating the opposition in a monumental victory and exposing the fact that hell does not freeze over when the Turkish military is ignored.

Rise of Authoritarian Democracy and Orthopraxy

The effective elimination of military and court pressures against the AKP has hastened the party's return to its core values. The AKP began abandoning its displays of pluralism, dismissing dissent, ignoring checks and balances, and condemning the media for daring to criticize them. In due course, Turkey's media has been transformed for the worse. The government used legal loopholes to confiscate ownership of independent media and subsequently sell them to AKP supporters. In 2002, pro-AKP businesses owned less than 20 percent of the Turkish media; today pro-government people own around 50 percent.

In the meantime, the relationship between the AKP and Turkey’s secular business lobby, organized through the Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association (TUSIAD), also changed. TUSIAD support for the AKP had been a crucial source of support for the AKP. The pro-business, pro-EU group provided the party with domestic and international legitimacy, and armed it with the means to fight off accusations that it was an Islamist party. But in 2007, the relationship between TUSIAD and the AKP, always an uneasy one, faltered when Erdogan targeted TUSIAD, a key node of secular power in Turkey. The AKP attacked Aydin Dogan—whose family holds the presidency of TUSIAD and owns roughly half the Turkish media in a group of companies known as Dogan Yayin—characterizing Dogan as a rich and corrupt businessman. In two waves in 2009, the AKP slapped Dogan Yayin, a conglomerate whose media outlets have published corruption allegations against the AKP with a record 3.2 billion tax, forcing the media mogul to come to terms with him and stop of the AKP criticism in Dogan media outlets.

Together with the punitive use of taxes and audits, the party’s use of wiretaps, especially as part of the Ergenekon case which alleges a coup plot against the government, has been its other vehicle for cracking down on the opposition. When the case opened in 2007, AKP watchers saw it as an opportunity for Turkey to clean up corruption, such as security officials' involvement in the criminal underworld. But the case is much more than that. It is a tool for the AKP to curb freedoms. Hundreds have been detained in over a dozen waves of arrests. Legally, the case is unfitting of a country in accession talks with the EU: some people arrested in relation to Ergenekon have waited eighteen months in jail before being taken to a court or seeing an indictment.

These arrests, alongside fears of illegal wiretaps to build evidence for Ergenekon, have left Turkish liberals paralyzed, and the country has dangerously shut off frank political conversations. As a sage once said, “countries become police states not when the police listens to all citizens, but when all citizens fear that the police listens to them.”

That the AKP has effectively outsmarted the internal checks which had hitherto imposed moderation on its policies has not been without consequences: the AKP has become Turkey’s new elite in charge politically, economically, and socially. The party is supported by a growing business community, which it nurtures through government contracts that are awarded by using orthopraxy as a yard stick. The AKP has sway over the media, and exerts power over the Turkish military through the Ergenekon case and proven ability to force political opposition into submission through its control of domestic intelligence. Last but not least, the AKP controls the executive and legislative branches. Former AKP member Abdullah Gul is now the Turkish president with the power to appoint judges to the high courts.

As the new elite, the proverbial “wind over the Anatolian landscape,” the AKP is shaping Turkish society in its own image, promoting orthopraxy through administrative acts. Accordingly, it is not religiosity that is on the rise in Turkey -- i.e., the number of people attending mosque services or praying -- but rather government-infused social conservatism. Indications of social conservatism, such as wives wearing turbans, are used as benchmarks to obtain government appointments, promotions, and contracts. Social conservatism, however, is not in itself the problem, and a conservative Turkey can certainly be European. The problem is that a government-led project of this type is incompatible with the idea of a liberal democracy. And given Turkey's nature as an elite project, AKP-led social conservatism is reshaping Turkish society. Last year in Istanbul, I came across a young Muslim-Greek Orthodox Turkish woman who had applied for a job with an AKP-controlled Istanbul city government branch. In her job interview, she was told the government would hire her if she agreed to wear a headscarf. When she responded that she was Greek Orthodox, the woman was told "you don't need to convert; all you have to do is cover your head."

Solidarity with anti-Western and Islamist Regimes

If religion constitutes one part of the AKP’s foreign policy calculus, domestic aspirations are another. The AKP has drawn a lesson from the events of the 1990s, when its predecessor, RP, was forced to step down from government through a show of popular discontent. The AKP now knows that it can stay in government only so long as it has strong popular support. Therefore, the party relies on an easy tactic of populist foreign policy that criticizes the West to enhance its domestic standing—a strategy that has seemingly been successful for the AKP. Not only are Turkish attitudes toward the United States and the West deteriorating, but the AKP also now draws broad support for its foreign policy through the transformation of the Turkish identity. If Turks think of themselves as Muslims first in the foreign policy arena, then one day they will think of themselves as Muslims domestically, further strengthening the position of party.

In the past, Turkey's foreign policy paradigm centered on the promotion of national interests vested in the West. Starting in 1946, Turkey chose to ally itself with the West in the Cold War, and since then successive Turkish governments have pursued close cooperation with the United States and Europe. Turkey viewed the Middle East and global politics through the lens of their own national security interests. This made cooperation possible, even with Israel, a state Turkey viewed as a democratic ally in a volatile region. The two countries shared similar security concerns, such as Syria's support for terror groups abroad -- radical Palestinian organizations in the case of Israel, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Turkey. In 1998, when Ankara confronted Damascus over its support for the PKK, Turkish newspapers wrote headlines championing the Turkish-Israeli alliance: "We will say 'shalom' to the Israelis on the Golan Heights," one read.

The AKP, however, viewed Turkey's interests through a different lens -- one colored by a politicized take on religion, namely Islamism. Senior AKP officials called the 2004 U.S. offensive in Fallujah, Iraq, a "genocide," and in February 2009, Erdogan compared Gaza to a "concentration camp."

The AKP's foreign policy has not promoted sympathy toward all Muslim states, rather, the party has promoted solidarity with Islamist, anti-Western regimes (Qatar and Sudan, for example) while dismissing secular, pro-Western Muslim governments (Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia). This two-pronged strategy is especially apparent in the Palestinian territories where at the same time that the AKP government has called on Western countries to "recognize Hamas as the legitimate government of the Palestinian people," AKP officials have labeled Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas the "head of an illegitimate government." According to diplomats, Abbas' last visit to Ankara in July 2009 went terribly.

As the cancelled military exercises with Israel show, the AKP's a la carte, moralistic foreign policy is not without inherent hypocrisies. An earlier example came last January, when, a day after Erdogan harangued Israeli President Shimon Peres, as well as Jews and Israelis, at the World Economic Forum for knowing "well how to kill people," Turkey hosted the Sudanese Vice President Ali Osman Taha in Ankara. This is a dangerous position because it suggests -- especially to the generation coming of age under the AKP -- that Islamist regimes alone have the right to attack their own people or even other states. In September, Erdogan defended Iran's nuclear program, arguing that the problem in the Middle East is Israel's nuclear arsenal.

Some analysts have dismissed such rhetoric as domestic politicking or simply an instance of Erdogan losing his temper. But Erdogan is an astute politician, and he is now reacting to changes in Turkish society. After seven years of the AKP's Islamist rhetoric, public opinion has shifted to embrace the idea of a politically united "Muslim world."

The AKP's foreign policy now has a welcome audience at home, making it more likely to become entrenched. After Erdogan stormed out of his session at the World Economic Forum, thousands gathered to greet his plane as it arrived back home in what appeared to be an orchestrated welcome. (Banners with Turkish and Hamas flags stitched together appeared from nowhere in a matter of hours.)

Together with the establishment of friendly and money-based relations with Russia, under the AKP Moscow has become Turkey’s top trading partner, the transformation of Turkish identity under the AKP has potentially massive ramifications. Guided by an Islamist worldview, it will become more and more impossible for Turkey to support Western foreign policy, even when doing so is in its national interest. Turkish-Israeli ties -- long a model for how a Muslim country can pursue a rational, cooperative relationship with the Jewish state -- will continue to unravel. Such a development will be greeted only with approval by the Turkish public, further bolstering the AKP's popularity. Thus, the party will be able to kill two birds with one stone: distancing the country from its former ally and shoring up its own power base.

The same dynamic will also apply to Turkey's relations with the European Union and the United States. As the United States devotes much of its energy abroad to Muslim countries, from opposing radicalism to countering Iran's nuclear program, the AKP will oppose these policies through harsh rhetoric and opt out of any close cooperation.

Lessons of the AKP Experience

Like the Anatolian kavak¸ Turkey has been transformed under the AKP with the prevailing winds inside the country. In this regard, the various lessons can be drawn from the AKP experience in Turkey.

Since the advent of Islam, Muslims have come to think of themselves as a cultural-religious community, just like people from other faiths do. However, the attacks of September 11 have changed this identification, jumpstarting a transformation of the global Muslim community from a cultural-religious one into a religious-political one. For a long time it was assumed that the attacks of September 11 primarily aimed to hurt the United States. However, now it seems that while the attacks aimed to hurt the United States, their primary target was to mobilize Muslims around the concept of a united “Muslim world,” a politically charged and new union which Al Qaeda defines as a political-religious community in perpetual and violent conflict with the West.

The AKP’s transformation of Turkey’s identity into one that identifies with Islamists should be viewed within this background. If this transformation had happened before the attacks of September 11, one would have ignored it. However, the transformation of the Turkish identity after September 11 means that the Turks are losing their ability to view the U.S. and West as allies.

The AKP experience also demonstrates that Islamists distort Islam, re-imagining it as inherently illiberal at home. What is more, the Islamists also distort Islam by casting it as the basis of their anti-Western and ideologically-driven foreign policy.

Seven years after the AKP came to power, Turkey's Islamists have returned to their roots. The AKP experience also shows that when in power, even when they are elected democratically, Islamists are driven by their illiberal and majoritarian instincts, subverting democracy and transforming societies. In Turkey, the AKP has shifted Turkish foreign policy away from the West, helped catalyze a transformation of the Turkish identity towards Islamist causes, and is busy imposing an illiberal view of society, defined by orthopraxy as well as a disregard for check and balances, such as media freedoms.

Additionally, the AKP experience demonstrates that when Islamist parties moderate, it reflects not a strategic change but a tactical response to strong domestic and foreign opposition. Once these firewalls weaken, Islamist parties regress in a process driven by popular sentiment. A recent survey shows that the AKP's popularity jumped 10 percent after the Davos incident, suggesting the party could pass the game-changing 50 percent threshold in the upcoming March 29 local elections. The AKP's renewed Islamism may play well at the polls. But the country’s democracy and liberalization process, including the EU accession process, as well as its Western allies, will be left worse off for it.

In 2002, many suggested that the AKP's rise to power presented Turkey with an opportunity to "go back to the Middle East" and adopt more of an Islamic identity. The hope was that such a shift would help "normalize" Turkey, recalibrating the secularizing and nationalist reforms of Kemal Atatürk, who turned Turkey to the West in the early twentieth century. The outcome, however, has not been so positive. Turkey's experience with the AKP proves that Islamism may not be compatible with the West, after all.

Soner Cagaptay - Senior fellow and director of the Turkish Research Program at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He has written extensively on Turkish policy in scholarly journals and major international print media, including Wall Street Journal, Washington Times, Los Angeles Times, International Herald Tribune, Jane's Defense Weekly, and Newsweek Türkiye.

Tuesday, November 3, 2009

Kürt açılımı üzerine

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/10/28/kurdish_opening_closed_shut

On Oct. 24, Kurdish migrant farm workers started a fight in the town of Ipsala, in the northwest region of Turkey. After the Kurdish workers apparently harassed local girls, some of the town's youth attacked the workers in retaliation. The conflict escalated, and the Kurdish workers were forced to take refuge in the town's mosque to avoid a growing anti-Kurdish mob. Across the country, veiled mothers, the precise constituency one would imagine to be supportive of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) government, protested the government's "Kurdish opening," which promises overtures toward the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), a terrorist organization that has waged a 25-year struggle against Turkey.

Social violence between Kurds and non-Kurds, an unusual phenomenon in Turkey, has been spurred by the recent "Kurdish opening." How the AKP deals with the Kurdish problem will not only determine the party's political future, but also has the potential to make or break Turkey's ambitions as a regional power. It will take an individualistic, European approach to resolve the Kurdish issue to the benefit of both the AKP and Turkey as a whole.

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The "Kurdish opening" envisaged bringing members of the PKK back to Turkey from the organization's bases in Iraq and cells in Europe through an unofficial amnesty. This approach, however, backfired when 34 PKK members, whom the Turkish government had allowed into the country from Iraq, delivered fiery speeches in support of the terrorist group. On October 19, speaking to a rally in Diyarbakir, the party members said they had returned to Turkey not to take advantage of the AKP's amnesty, but rather to represent the PKK. The group added that they had no remorse for their past actions, including violence, and made political demands on the Turkish government.
These demonstrations, and images of individuals involved in terror attacks walking freely in Turkey, have touched a raw nerve. The government has since backed down, calling off its plan to bring more PKK members back to Turkey, and the "Kurdish opening" has flopped. Yet Turkey can still resolve this impasse. The AKP has, thus far, dealt with the issue by giving collective, ethnicity-based group rights to the Kurds. This approach has led to social backlash in Turkey for being perceived as too conciliatory to the PKK, and for challenging the notion of "Turkishness." But Turkey can break the Kurdish impasse by increasing the rights of all Turkish citizens, regardless of ethnicity and religion.

Solving the Kurdish problem in Turkey requires an understanding of the very notion of what it means to be a Turk -- someone defined by historic Turkish identity rather than ethnicity. Turkey is an amalgam of various Muslim ethnic groups, including Kurds as well as Bosniacs, Crimean Tatars, Albanians, Circassians, Abkhazes, Georgians, Arabs, Macedonian-, Serbian-, Bulgarian- and Greek-speaking Muslims, and ethnic Turks, among others.

The Turkish amalgam is a non-ethnic, historic entity that is a product of the country's Ottoman past. For 500 years, the Ottoman Empire treated its entire Muslim population as members of the same political grouping, the Muslim "millet," imprinting its Muslim population with an indelible collective political identity. In the twentieth century, the members of the former Muslim millet in Turkey came to see themselves as Turks, regardless of their ethnic background.

Despite a violent challenge by the PKK in the name of Kurdish nationalism, the historic Turkish amalgam has remained intact: Kurds continue to intermarry with non-Kurds in large numbers and live in ethnically mixed neighborhoods and cities. A 2009 poll by SETA and Pollmark, an Istanbul-based think tank and polling firm, provides plenty of evidence of the close social proximity between Kurds and non-Kurds in Turkey: For example, 67 percent of Kurds polled said they have close non-Kurdish relatives.


Collective group rights given to the Kurds would challenge the foundations of this Turkish amalgam. This is why public resentment among the non-Kurdish population -- an undertaking also seen as giving in to the PKK, widely viewed as a terrorist group -- is rising. The AKP and Turkey will suffer if the party sticks to this ill-conceived, if well-meaning, strategy.


Instead of granting collective group rights to the Kurds, Turkey should increase the cultural and political rights of all its citizens, Kurds and non-Kurds alike. Take, for instance, broadcasting rights. The government's granting of collective Kurdish group rights foresees broadcasting in Kurdish by private TV networks. Such a step appears to grant exclusive rights to one ethnic group in Turkey. Instead, the government should consider a new broadcast law allowing citizens to broadcast in any language they wish, without mention of specific languages.

Addressing the Kurdish issue through collective measures would be a slippery slope. Assigning exclusive, ethnicity-based group rights to the Kurds would further strengthen and solidify their Kurdish identity, increasing the distance between the Kurds and rest of the country's population. For Turkey to resolve its Kurdish problem, it must not only make the Kurds happy, but also keep the entire country content regarding the reforms. By adopting an enlightened approach to Turkey's problems, the government can do just that: increase the rights and liberties of all citizens, while ensuring that all citizens maintain equal rights.

The AKP, which promoted Turkey's bid for EU accession until 2005, has since shied away from the process, losing its popular pro-Europe brand in the West and among Turkish liberals, the party's erstwhile supporters. If the party were to re-embrace the EU process and adopt a 21st century European attitude towards the Kurdish problem, this would not only save Turkey's EU accession, break the Kurdish impasse, and make Turkey, but also save the AKP. Instead of just a "Kurdish opening," that would be an opening for all of the Turks.

Tuesday, October 27, 2009

Soner Çağaptay'in bazi videolari

Soner Cagaptay'in da icinde bulundugu bir cok video buldum Youtube'da. En ilgi cekici olanlari sizinle paylasmak istiyorum...


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tu6xG64rcqw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ho71j1ccaAQ

Is Turkey Leaving the West?

http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65634/soner-cagaptay/is-turkey-leaving-the-west

Soner Çağaptay

Summary -- Under the leadership of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Turkey's foreign policy is becoming more Islamic. Can the country's history of cooperation with the West survive?

SONER CAGAPTAY is a Senior Fellow and Director of the Turkish Research Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. He is the author of Islam, Secularism, and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who Is a Turk?

previous-disabledPage 1of 2next.Essay Turkey's Transformers
Morton Abramowitz and Henri J. Barkey
Turkey hopes to be a global power, but it has not yet become even the regional player that the ruling AKP declares it to be. Can the AKP do better, or will it be held back by its Islamist past and the conservative inclinations of its core constituents?
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1CommentsJoinIn early October, Turkey disinvited Israel from Anatolian Eagle, an annual Turkish air force exercise that it had held with Israel, NATO, and the United States since the mid-1990s. It marked the first time Turkey's governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) let its increasingly anti-Western rhetoric spill into its foreign policy strategy, and the move may suggest that Turkey's continued cooperation with the West is far from guaranteed.

Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey's prime minister and the leader of the AKP, justified the decision by calling Israel a "persecutor." But only a day after it dismissed Israel, Turkey invited Syria -- a known abuser of human rights -- to joint military exercises and announced the creation of a Strategic Cooperation Council with the Syrian regime. A mountain is moving in Turkish foreign policy, and the foundation of Turkey's 60-year-old military and political cooperation with the West may be eroding.

Starting in 1946, when Turkey chose to ally itself with the West in the Cold War -- later sending troops to Korea and joining NATO -- successive Turkish governments have pursued close cooperation with the United States and Europe. Turkey viewed the Middle East and global politics through the lens of their own national security interests. This made cooperation possible, even with Israel, a state Turkey viewed as a democratic ally in a volatile region. The two countries shared similar security concerns, such as Syria's support for terror groups abroad -- radical Palestinian organizations in the case of Israel, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Turkey. In 1998, when Ankara confronted Damascus over its support for the PKK, Turkish newspapers wrote headlines championing the Turkish-Israeli alliance: "We will say 'shalom' to the Israelis on the Golan Heights," one read.

The AKP, however, viewed Turkey's interests through a different lens -- one colored by a politicized take on religion, namely Islamism. Senior AKP officials called the 2004 U.S. offensive in Fallujah, Iraq, a "genocide," and in February 2009, Erdogan compared Gaza to a "concentration camp."

The foundation of Turkey's 60-year-old military and political cooperation with the West may be eroding. But the AKP's foreign policy has not promoted sympathy toward all Muslim states. Rather, the party has promoted solidarity with Islamist, anti-Western regimes (Qatar and Sudan, for example) while dismissing secular, pro-Western Muslim governments (Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia). This two-pronged strategy is especially apparent in the Palestinian territories: at the same time that the AKP government has called on Western countries to "recognize Hamas as the legitimate government of the Palestinian people," AKP officials have labeled Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas the "head of an illegitimate government." According to diplomats, Abbas' last visit to Ankara in July 2009 went terribly -- now, these diplomatic sources say, Abbas does not trust the AKP any more than he trusts Hamas.

As the cancelled military exercises with Israel show, the AKP's moralistic foreign policy is not without inherent hypocrisies. An earlier example came last January, when, a day after Erdogan harangued Israeli President Shimon Peres, as well as Jews and Israelis, at the World Economic Forum for knowing "well how to kill people," Turkey hosted the Sudanese Vice President Ali Osman Taha in Ankara. This is a dangerous position because it suggests -- especially to the generation coming of age under the AKP -- that Islamist regimes alone have the right to attack their own people or even other states. In September, Erdogan defended Iran's nuclear program, arguing that the problem in the Middle East is Israel's nuclear arsenal.

Some analysts have dismissed such rhetoric as domestic politicking or simply an instance of Erdogan losing his temper. But Erdogan is an astute politician, and he is now reacting to changes in Turkish society. After seven years of the AKP's Islamist rhetoric, public opinion has shifted to embrace the idea of a politically united "Muslim world." According to independent polling in Turkey, the number of people identifying themselves as Muslim increased by ten percent between 2002 and 2007; in addition, almost half of those surveyed describe themselves as Islamist.

The AKP's foreign policy now has a welcome audience at home, making it more likely to become entrenched. After Erdogan stormed out of his session at the World Economic Forum, thousands gathered to greet his plane as it arrived back home in what appeared to be an orchestrated welcome. (Banners with Turkish and Hamas flags stitched together appeared from nowhere in a matter of hours.)

The transformation of Turkish identity under the AKP has potentially massive ramifications. Guided by an Islamist worldview, it will become more and more impossible for Turkey to support Western foreign policy, even when doing so is in its national interest. Turkish-Israeli ties -- long a model for how a Muslim country can pursue a rational, cooperative relationship with the Jewish state -- will continue to unravel. Such a development will be greeted only with approval by the Turkish public, further bolstering the AKP's popularity. Thus, the party will be able to kill two birds with one stone: distancing the country from its former ally and shoring up its own power base.

Wednesday, October 21, 2009

Daha büyük bir dilim değil, daha büyük bir pasta

Türkiye, Kürt sorununu nasıl çözebilir? Kısa süre önce Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) hükümetinin başlattığı "demokratik açılım süreci" sorunun çözümü yönünde atılacak adımlardan biri olarak Kürtlere, etnik grup kökenine dayalı kolektif haklar tanımayı öngörüyor.

Bu yaklaşım, etnik temelden ziyade, ortak tarihe dayalı bir Türk kimliği olarak tanımlanan Türklüğe ilişkin temel kavrayışlar açısından bir sorun oluşturuyor. Söz konusu yaklaşım aynı zamanda Kürtler ile ülkenin geri kalan nüfusu arasında siyasi mesafenin açılması riskini de barındırıyor. Türkiye'nin Kürt sorununun çözümünde doğru yaklaşım, Kürtlere tanınacak olan kolektif haklar yerine, etnik kökenlerine bakılmaksızın tüm vatandaşların bireysel haklarının genişletilmesidir.

Türkiye; -dışarıda pek bilinmese de- Kürtler, Boşnaklar, Arnavutlar, Çerkezler, Gürcüler, Yunanca konuşan Müslümanlar ve etnik Türkler de dahil, çeşitli Müslüman etnik grupların karışımından oluşmaktadır.

Ortak bir tarih

Türkiye, etnik bir bileşimden ziyade, ortak bir tarihe dayanmaktadır. Ülke, Osmanlı geçmişinin bir ürünüdür. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, 500 yıl boyunca Müslüman nüfusa sabit kolektif siyasi bir kimlik tanıyarak, tüm gayrimüslim nüfusu Müslüman milletinin, aynı siyasi bileşenin bir parçası olarak gördü. Söz konusu bu eski Müslüman milletin üyeleri kendilerini 20'nci yüzyılın Türkiyesi'nde, etnik kökenlerine bakmaksızın, Türk olarak görmeye başladı.

Bu tarihsel Türkiyelilik olgusu, Kürdistan İşçi Partisi'nin (PKK) Kürt milliyetçiliği adına şiddete dayalı meydan okuyuşuna rağmen değişmedi: Çok sayıda Kürt, Türkler ve diğer tüm Müslüman gruplarla evlenmeyi ve etnik olarak semtler ve şehirlerde ortak yaşamayı sürdürüyor. İstanbul'da kurulu bir düşünce kuruluşu olan SETA ve bir kamuoyu araştırma şirketi olan Pollmark tarafından 2009 yılında gerçekleştirilen bir kamuoyu araştırması, Kürtler ve Kürt olmayanlar arasındaki toplumsal yakın ilişkiyi belgeleyen çok sayıda kanıt sunuyor. Örneğin araştırmada Kürtlerin yüzde 67'si, Kürt olmayan yakın akrabalara sahip olduğunu belirtiyor.

Kürtlere grup hakları tanınması, bu türden toplumsal yakınlığı olduğu kadar, halk arasında kabul gören Türklüğün tarifine ilişkin görüşlerle de çelişecektir. Kürtlere kolektif grup hakları tanındığı takdirde, bu durum, diğer Müslüman etnik gruplar karşısında Kürtlerin tek başlarına ayrıcalıklı grup haklarına sahip olmasına yol açacak. Kürtler için ayrıcalıklı haklar algılaması, Türkiyelilik olgusunun temellerini çürütecek şekilde, diğer büyük etnik Müslüman grupların öfkelenmesine yol açabilir. Aslında kamuoyunda Kürtlere tanınacak ayrıcalıklı, kolektif haklara ilişkin öfke şimdiden yükseliyor.

Türkiye, Kürtlere kolektif haklar tanımaktan ziyade, meseleye Kürt olsun olmasın tüm vatandaşları açısından bireysel, kültürel ve siyasi hakların genişletilmesi perspektifiyle yaklaşmalı.

Reform süreci sadece Kürtleri değil, Türkiye'deki tüm vatandaşları hedeflemeli. Örneğin yayın haklarını ele alalım. Hükümetin Kürtlere tanıyacağı kolektif hakların özel TV kanallarında (kamu televizyon kanalları halihazırda Kürtçe yayın yapıyor) Kürtçe yayınlarını da kapsayacağı belirtiliyor. Böyle bir adım, sadece tek bir etnik gruba yönelik ayrıcalıklı haklar tanınması olarak algılanacaktır. Oysa hükümet bunun aksine, özel bir dil belirtilmeden tüm vatandaşların istedikleri dilde yayın yapmasına izin veren yeni bir yasayı gündemine almalı. Bu yaklaşım, AKP'nin yurttaşlık haklarına yönelik olarak gündemindeki her türlü reformun içeriğini de belirlemeli: Tüm yurttaşların haklarını ve özgürlüklerini genişletirken, aynı zamanda tüm vatandaşların eşit haklarını güvence altına almak.

Tüm ülke hoşnut olmalı

Türkiye Kürt sorununu çözebilmek için sadece Kürtleri mutlu etmekle kalmayıp, tüm ülkeyi reformlar konusunda hoşnut tutmalı. Bunu yapmanın en etkili yolu, Ankara'nın Kürt meselesine ilişkin reformlar konusundaki yaklaşımını kolektif olmaktan çıkarmak olacaktır. Kürt meselesini kolektif ölçütler içinde ele almak, gerçekte kaygan bir zeminde yol alınması anlamına geliyor.

AKP açısından Kürt meselesini ele alışta doğru yol, ortak tarihe dayalı Türk kimliğini koruyarak, etnik ve dini kökenlere bakılmaksızın, tüm Türk vatandaşlarının haklarının genişletilmesidir. Böyle bir yaklaşım, Türkiye'nin daha liberal bir ülke olmasına da katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu, içinde herkesin kabul gördüğü ve eşit olduğu Avrupalı bir Türkiye düşünün gerçekleşmesini sağlayacaktır.



http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soner_%C3%87a%C4%9Faptay



http://konusalim.wordpress.com/

Laikler Atatürk'ün mirasını nasıl terk ediyor?

18 ve 19'uncu yüzyıllarda, Avrupalı güçlere karşı bir dizi askeri yenilgi yaşayan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ancak kendisi de Batılı ve Avrupalı bir toplum olduğu takdirde rakipleri ile baş edebileceğini fark etti. Böylece yoğun bir reform ve Batılılaşma programı başlatıldı. 1863'te Sultan Abdülaziz, imparatorluğun Batılı ve laik müfredatta Türkçe eğitim veren ilk lisesini, Darüşşafaka'yı kurdu. 20'nci yüzyılın başlarında Atatürk, sultanın hayallerinin izinden gitti ve Türkiye'yi kaya gibi laik bir devlet yaptı. Darüşşafaka (ben de bu okuldan mezun oldum) gibi Batılı laik kurumlar büyüyüp güçlendiler.

Ama artık öyle görünmüyor, geçen ay Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) Darüşşafaka'nın 130 yıllık sembolik eski binasında bir imam hatip lisesi kurmaya karar verdi. Darüşşafaka Lisesi, İstanbul'un Çarşamba semtindeki bu binayı 1994'te Maslak'taki yeni kampusuna geçmek için boşaltmıştı. Din eğitimi için okul açılması son derece normal; ama bunun için Darüşşafaka'nın sembolik kampusunun seçilmesi, Atatürk'ün ve Abdülaziz'in vizyonlarının sembolik bir sona yaklaştığını gösteriyor.

2002'de iktidara geldiğinden beri ve özellikle 2007 seçimlerinde ikinci defa ilk parti olarak seçildikten sonra AKP, Türkiye'yi ideolojik olarak dönüştürmeye başladı. Hükümette görev ataması ya da terfi bekleyenler ya da hükümetle kârlı iş anlaşmaları imzalamak isteyenler için kamusal alanda dindar görünmek gereklilik haline geldi. Ankara'daki bürokratlar şimdilerde terfilerden faydalanamama korkusuyla cuma namazlarında görünmeyi zorunlu hissediyor.

Laik elitlerin hatası

AKP, ülkenin yürütme ve yasama güçlerini sıkı bir şekilde kontrol ediyor ve kendisine müzahir yargıçları, üniversite rektörlerini ve ileri gelen sivil toplum kuruluşu liderlerini atayarak iktidar alanını genişletiyor. Parti, yasal boşlukları kullanarak AKP yanlısı iş çevrelerinin elindeki Türkiye medyasının toplamdaki payını yüzde 20'den yüzde 50'ye kadar yükseltti.

Giderek marjinalleşen laik elitin düşüşünden büyük ölçüde yine aynı elit kesim sorumlu. 1946'dan sonra, Türkiye çok partili demokrasiye geçtiğinden beri ülke, bir tür siyasi otomatik pilot aracılığıyla yönetildi. Türkiye'nin laik kuruluşları ve aktörleri zamanla apati içine girip yoruldu ve toplumsal desteği devam ettirmek için gerekenleri yapmayı bıraktı.

Komünizmin çöküşünün ardından, Türkiye'nin çalışan ve alt-orta sınıfları solu terk etti. Laik siyasi aktörler bunları bir araya toparlamak yerine, kitlelerin kendilerine gelmesini bekledi. AKP ise aksine bu gruplara erişmek ve onları örgütlemek için çalıştı. Parti, 1900'lerin başında Amerika'da Demokrat Parti'nin politik aracı olarak New York'ta kurulan ve çok uzun yıllar etkili olan Tammany Hall tarzında bir ağ kurarak, bir yandan iş ve yardım dağıtıp, bir yandan kendi siyasi İslami değerleri vaaz ve empoze etti. Sonuçta AKP, 2002'de ve 2007'de tarihi iki zafer kazandı.

Temelin inkârı

Atatürkçüler temel kuruluşları da ihmal ettiler. Örnek olarak Darüşşafaka'yı alalım. Okul 1994'te yeni kampusa taşındıktan sonra laik elit, okulun İstanbul'un tarihi yarımadasındaki boğaz manzaralı 19'uncu yüzyıl mimari özelliklerine sahip güzelim eski binasını 15 yıl boyunca boşta bıraktı. Tek bir laik şirket, sivil toplum örgütü ya da üniversite, Darüşşafaka'nın sembolik eski kampusuyla ilgilenmedi.

Ya da medyayı düşünün. Laik ve liberal Türkler mesajlarını iletmek için eski kuşak medya aracı olan gazeteyi kullanmaya devam ederken, İslamcılar yeni medyayı ele geçirdiler. Şu anda haberlere Batı karşıtı ve AKP yanlısı doku kazandıran sayısız web-sitesini kullanarak internette hâkimiyet üstünlüğü sağladılar. Bu durum sıradan Türklerin siyasi tavırlarının belirlenmesinde etkili oluyor. 2008'de küresel ekonomi çöktüğünde, misal, bu siteler krizin sorumluluğunu Lehman Brothers'ın İsrail'e aktardığı 40 milyar dolarlık havaleye yüklediler. İslamcı web-siteleri, liberal ve laik muhalefet figürlerini, AKP hükümetine karşı bir darbe planını destekleyen "teröristler" olarak etiketleyerek, Ergenekon davası etrafındaki tartışmanın şekillenmesinde de temel bir rol oynamaktalar.

Türkiye'nin laik kurum ve aktörleri politikayı 9-5 mesaisi olan bir iş gibi görüyorlar ve aynı zamanda pozitif bir vizyondan da yoksunlar. Bu arada AKP 7/24 çalışıyor. Aynı zamanda Atatürk'ün reformlarının altını oymak için yollar ararlarken, kimse İslamcıları ve AKP'yi vizyon sahibi olmamakla suçlayamaz.

Bu laik Türklerin oyundan vazgeçmeleri gerektiği anlamına gelmiyor. Bunun yerine rakiplerinden öğrenmeleri gerekiyor. Bunun anlamı siyasi aktivizm ve seçmen mobilizasyonu gibi siyaset araçlarını kullanmayı öğrenip, yeniden politika yapmaya başlamak.

Laik Türkler ayrıca ülkenin geleceği için pozitif bir vizyon ortaya koymak zorundalar. Geçmiş yıllarda, sultanlar ve ardından Atatürk, Avrupa'yı model olarak aldılar. Laik Türklerin, 21'inci yüzyılın Avrupalı Türkiyesi'ni tanımlayıp kendilerine ve ülkeye bunu hedef olarak belirlemesi ve de liberal politikalarda AKP'yi geçmeleri bu vizyonun oluşması için gerekli. Yoksa kim İslamcıları suçlayabilir ki?

http://www.cagaptay.com/6421/laikler-ataturkun-mirasini-nasil-terk-ediyor
http://banayaz.wordpress.com
http://konusalim.wordpress.com

Halifemi geri istiyorum

OSMANLI tahtının veliahtı ve hilafetin vârisi Ertuğrul Osman'ın ölümüne Türkiye'de bazı kişilerin verdiği tepki daha da şaşırtıcı olamazdı. Taliban urbaları ve uzun sakalları ile radikal dinciler İstanbul'da bir araya gelip; Müslümanlığın, şaraptan hoşlanan, klasik müzik dinleyen ve yakın zamana kadar New York şehrinde yaşayan liderini son yolculuğuna uğurladılar. Osmanlı sultanları ve Ertuğrul Osman -bugün hayatta olsaydı, Sultan Beşinci Osman olacaktıhiç şüphesiz, saltanatın vârisinin cenazesini kendi çıkarları dogrultusunda kullanan radikal İslamcıları cezalandırırdı. İslamcıların aksini iddia etmelerine rağmen, Osmanlı halifeleri Batı karşıtı değildi. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Batılı devletler ile sürekli bir ilişki içerisindeydi. Bu ilişkinin kökleri öyle derindi ki, Kanûni Sultan Süleyman 16. yüzyılda kendisini Kutsal Roma İmparatoru olarak hayal etmişti. 18. ve19. yüzyıllarda Osmanlı sultanları ve halifeleri, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nu Batı modelinde bir devlet olarak yeniden yaratmak için yoğun bir reform sürecine girdiler.

Bu amaçla halifeler laik eğitim kurumları ihdâs edip, kadınlara toplumsal haklar verip, onları bu okullara yazdırmışlardı. 19. yüzyıla baktığımızda, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun sultanlarının ve halifelerinin, Batılı yaşamı ve değerleri benimsediğini görürüz. Tüm bu nedenlerden dolayı, Osmanlı Imparatorluğu'nu Atatürk'ün 1923 yılında kurduğu laik Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ne bir antitez olarak görmek yanlıştır. Atatürk saltanat ve halifeliğine son vererek laik Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'ni kurduğunda halifeliğin mirasını yok etmemiştir. Aksine, halifelerin Türkiye'yi gerçek bir Batılı topluma dönüştürme hayalini yerine getirmiştir. Atatürk'ün reformları, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun son dönemlerde izlediği politikanın bir devamı niteliğini taşır. Osmanlı halifeliğinin anlamı ve mirası hakkında geçen tartışmaların Türkiye için olduğu kadar; günümüzdeki Müslümanlar ve Batı için de büyük bir önemi var. Batı karşıtlığı temelinde kurulan El- Kaide ortaya çıkmadan yıllar önce, Osmanlı halifeleri, cihad yanlısı radikal dinci kesimlere karşı, Batı örneğinde gelişerek ilerleyen Müslüman bir toplum modelini çözüm olarak önermişlerdi. Halifeler, 1876 yılında ilk Osmanlı parlamentosunu kurup bir Anayasa hazırlayarak bu modern toplumun gelişimine zemin hazırlamışlardır. Aynı zamanda Batı'nın değer ve düşüncelerini, laik eğitim ve kadınlara eşit haklar gibi atılımlarla topluma kazandırdılar. Günümüzün modern Türkiye'si varlığını, Atatürk kadar, Müslüman bir topluma Batı değerlerini ilk kazandıran halifelere de borçludur.

Şimdi ise İslamcılar halifeliğin bu anlamını yok edip, kendi amaçları doğrultusunda kurumu yeniden hayal etmek istiyorlar. Radikal dinciler öncelikle halifeliğin taşıdığı politik anlamı çarpıtıp, halifeliği Batı karşıtı bir kurum olarak lanse ediyor; sonra da hilafete verdikleri bu yeni anlam doğrultusunda halifeliğin yeniden tesisini Batı karşıtı ideolojileri için bir nihai hedef olarak belirliyorlar. Atatürk'ün istediği, liberal değerler üzerine kurulu Batılı Türkiye'yi bir sapma olarak nitelendiren El-Kaide ve benzeri aktörlerin Türkiye için öngördükleri radikal ve ütopik toplum modeline karşı; Osmanlı sultanları, ta 100 yıl önce modern, Batılı bir toplum hayal etmişlerdi. Ertuğrul Osman, ölümünden kısa bir süre önce Aslı Aydıntaşbaş ile yaptığı röportajda "Cumhuriyet'in ilanı, ailemiz açısından her ne kadar yıkıcı olsa da, Türkiye için çok iyi olmuştur" diyerek modern Türkiye'nın Osmanlı halifeliğinin politikaları ile çatışma içinde olmadığı görüşünü vurgulamıştı. Halife Osman doğumu itibarıyla Türk, dini itibarıyla Müslüman ve yetiştirilme tarzı itibarıyla bir Batılı idi. İslamcıların hayal ettiği gibi çarpıtılmış gerçekler üzerine kurulu, liberal olmayan bir dünya istemeyen her Müslüman gibi ben de halifemi geri istiyorum.

http://www.cagaptay.com/6460/halifemi-geri-istiyorum